https://www.ilsjournal.com/ Interdisciplinary Legal Studies en daily 1 Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.ilsjournal.com/article_718379.html BackgroundOne of the advances in human knowledge is cryonic technology, a human protection form. The purpose of this process is to prevent the decay of proteins and living cells of the human body through freezing at shallow temperatures; hoping to bring them back to normal with the advancement of medical science and technology, some see cryonics as a form of suicide. The present study seeks to compare the definition of death and suicide by explaining the process of human freezing.Materials and MethodsThis research has been done using library resources in a descriptive-analytical manner.Ethical ConsiderationsHonesty and fidelity in writing the text have been observed.FindingsCryonic is not considered suicide. Because; The dying patient, by freezing, seeks to escape certain death. The wise act is the only available solution. Preserving life and striving for it is a religious obligation for every individual.ConclusionThe incurable patient seeks to revive the soul by freezing, repelling harm, denying psychological hardship, and reason dictates that the only remaining way to preserve the soul, which is cryonic, is to be saved from certain death. The cryonic process is technically one of the stages of the treatment process. https://www.ilsjournal.com/article_718378.html  BackgroundRecklessness involves an act conducted by a person who has the legal capacity and is aware of the substantial risk the act may give rise to. Such an act may assume these characteristics of Recklessness: a) recklessness is double-dimensional; b) the mental aspect of the Recklessness is prioritized.Materials and MethodsThis research has been done using library resources in a descriptive-analytical manner.Ethical ConsiderationsHonesty and fidelity in writing the text have been observed.FindingsAiming to study the status of the Recklessness under English and Iranian Law, the present paper elaborates upon the Iranian and English Law and the Articles wherein Recklessness is at stake and, after comparing them in detail, it concludes that the difference between these two systems concerning Recklessness lies in their different interpretation and definition of this concept; denoting actus reus under Iranian and mens rea under English Law. Such a difference has led to adopting different criminal policies in dealing with the offences arising from Recklessness in Iran and England. Attention paid to mental aspects of the Recklessness in English law accentuates the mental element's dominance. On the contrary, emphasizing the Recklessness's physical element has led to extreme laxity under Iranian Law. Being an imported word under Iranian Law, mens rea has been wrongly translated as such that it accentuates only the physical aspect of an offence and fails to account for the mental aspect.ConclusionThe present paper attempts at clarification of such a critical mistake under Iranian Law which has led to the criminalization of those behaviors which would have never been criminalized had it occurred in England owing to due considerations given to the mental aspect of the offence under discussion and finally suggests a revision concerning the treatment of this word which may lead to critical amendments of Iranian Law; the recommendation including that the same be rendered as such that it simultaneously denote 'subjective typical' criterion as well as 'objective typical' criterion. https://www.ilsjournal.com/article_718382.html BackgroundOne of the most crucial insurance models is Takaful, based on Islamic jurisprudence, which has acquired a proper position within Islamic nations' insurance markets despite its shortage.Materials and MethodsThe research is in the method library that with the analysis of content and analysis and description while finding the necessary research and responding to the points and issues rose in work, the article was completed.Ethical ConsiderationsHonesty and fidelity in writing the text have been observed.FindingsTakaful and insurance have been compared long ago by many scholars worldwide. We want to focus on the concept and theoretical nature of Takaful. Since Takaful is a product for which Islamic contracts are used to shape its structure, it is inevitable to study its structure and respect stakeholders' interests to guarantee this product's sustainability in the insurance market. Concerning the importance of Takaful companies in Islamic insurances, the present paper attempts to expound some Takaful models (models of endowment and attorney), based on Shiite jurisprudential and Iranian legal principles types of Takaful models.ConclusionTakaful is a product of modern Islamic financial practice, and it is mostly a phenomenon of the traditional financial transactions that have developed over time. https://www.ilsjournal.com/article_718381.html BackgroundUnlike some legal systems - which consider the transmission of debt to be independent of the effect of the cause - and even if it proves to be compatible, it recognizes the cause according to some rules of Islamic jurisprudence and the general rules of civil law, Is considered as one of the pillars of any legal action. If the acceptor's acceptance is proved to be accommodating, this acceptance is considered invalid. In negotiable instrument law, in full compliance with the jurisprudential point of view in the relationship between the holder and the Accommodating party, there is a significant deviation from the general rules mentioned, and that whenever it is signed and handed over to the holder, the accommodation of accepting by the acceptor is not hearable.Ethical ConsiderationsHonesty and fidelity in writing the text have been observed.FindingsAn examination of some jurisprudential institutions in which the Holy Shari'a has introduced persons solely out of sincere trust in the appearance as entitled, such as the principle of authenticity, Yad assumption, apparent agency, and the principle of correctness. They show the obligation contained by accommodated acceptor - which the holder has. In good faith, it does not contradict the jurisprudential rules and general rules of civil law.ConclusionThe holder of the negotiable document he has read has accepted, apparently trusting the signature created by the acceptor. Therefore, it has the right to refer to the instrument's signatory, who played an influential role in creating such an appearance, to claim the instrument's amount, regardless of the invalidity or the absence of a primary relationship. https://www.ilsjournal.com/article_718363.html BackgroundThe development of experimental science had resulted in more access to drugs and chemicals, which consequently has caused many problems. Poisons, whether pharmaceutical or chemical, can lead to the death of people who are severely poisoned. In this study, we investigated the cause of deaths in the poisoning department of educational-therapeutic centers during 1390 and 1394.Materials and MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, all records of patients visiting the poisoning department of Razi Hospital in Rasht from the beginning of 1390 until the end of 1394 were analyzed who were hospitalized in this center after being diagnosed with poisoning and then died.Ethical ConsiderationsHonesty and fidelity in writing the text have been observed.FindingsIn this study, the most common cause of death was related to opioids; on the other hand, deaths caused by opioids can be prevented to a great extent. Therefore, it is necessary to consider therapeutic policies for developing facilities, timely diagnosis and providing proper and careful care in order to reduce mortality rates due to poisoning with these substances.ConclusionIn this study, 330 patients died from poisoning (including 226 males and 104 females) were examined. The highest percentage of deaths belonged to married people who died of poisoning (80.3%). 44.8% of people who died of poisoning had a history of drug addiction. 95.5% of patients who died in poisoning department tried to commit suicide. The most common cause of death was related to opium consumption (21.2%), followed by methadone consumption (17%) and then consumption of rice tablet (aluminum phosphide, 14.8%). https://www.ilsjournal.com/article_718383.html BackgroundNowadays, drug abuse is increasing globally, and methadone toxicity, which is also available as addiction treatment, has also increased. Therefore, due to the increased availability of methadone and the novelty of its toxication phenomena, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of methadone toxicity and its Clinical laboratory findings was done.Materials and MethodsIn this study, the cases of 214 patients who had referred to Razi Hospital in Guilan province due to methadone toxication were investigated. The researcher recorded the necessary information through the patients' files. Analyzing the collected data using SPSS software version 19 and using central indicators and dispersion of statistics, including Mean, standard deviation and statistical samples, were estimated significantly (P https://www.ilsjournal.com/article_728366.html BackgroundDue to the lack of specification of the holy legislator on the rights and duties of the bisexuals and the absence of special legal status and lack of will and classification of criteria for the distinction of these people and, on the other hand, the role of gender in personal, social, and legal life of man, and respecting the rights and duties of each gender, the purpose of this article is to review the rules and legal provisions and the effects of bisexuality in Islamic penal Codes, as well as to review the situation of victimization and delinquency of bisexuals in the society from the criminal sociology view.Materials and MethodsThe method used in this research is descriptive-analytical, which has been written by collecting Information from sources including books, articles, research related to this study, and international conferences and treaties.Ethical ConsiderationsHonesty and fidelity in writing the text have been observed.FindingsIn this regard, first the situation of people with sexual identity disorder dealing with official and judicial authorities was investigated, then the issue of ascertaining criminal liability of people with sexual identity disorder and its legal gaps in Iranian law was analyzed, and finally, Iran's criminal policy towards the delinquency of people with sexual identity disorder was reviewed.ConclusionDelinquency and victimization of this range has not been the concern of legal and judicial actors. In the case of transsexual delinquency, due to the lack of a clear and transparent legislative criminal policy for these individuals, we also face serious shortcomings at the level of judicial criminal policy, which results in the violation of the basic rights of these individuals if they commit, straggle, or do the crime. https://www.ilsjournal.com/article_729070.html Abstract Background: Blood transfusion is conceptually a tripartite legal agreement between blood donation centers, volunteer donors, and recipients, based on solidarity and social responsibility. However, in Iran, there is no formal contract between the Blood Transfusion Organization and hospitals, creating a legal and practical gap. Materials and Methods: This paper analyzes the legal nature of blood donation and transfusion, examining different types of contracts that could govern blood transfer, drawing upon Iranian civil law and legal principles. Ethical Considerations: The study discusses the ethical dilemmas of blood commodification, the importance of public morality, and the need to balance the economic value of blood with human dignity. Findings: Direct trading of blood between individuals is deemed void due to public order concerns. While sale and lease contracts are unsuitable for blood transfer due to ethical and practical issues, juala (based on leniency) and gift contracts are considered more appropriate models. Bequest contracts are also examined as a potential framework for postmortem blood donation. Conclusion: A gift contract model is proposed as ethically preferable for blood donation, acknowledging the altruistic nature of the act while emphasizing the role of the Blood Transfusion Organization. Legislation is needed to manage blood donation practices while prioritizing safety, ethics, and human dignity.